QUANTUM MIND
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE (AI)
(From Sir Roger Penrose's The Emperor's New Mind)
https://www.forbes.com/sites/forbestechcouncil/2023/04/10/the-future-of-artificial-intelligence/?sh=65ddfac84ac4
What is Artificial Intelligence?
According to John McCarthy, it is the science and engineering of making intelligent machines, especially intelligent computer programs. It is related to the similar task of using computers to understand human intelligence. 2004 paper (PDF, 106 KB) [https://www-formal.stanford.edu/jmc/whatisai.pdf]
Types of AI
1) Weak AI: It is also called narrow AI or Artificial Narrow Intelligence (ANI) trained and focussed to perform some specific tasks for example it enables applications such as Apple's Siri, Amazon's Alexa, IBM Watson, and autonomous vehicles. [https://www.ibm.com/topics/artificial-intelligence]
2) Strong AI: It consists of Artificial General Intelligence (AGI) and Artificial Super Intelligence (ASI).
General AI is where a machine would have an intelligence equaled to humans like self-awareness that has the ability to think, solve problems, learn and plan for the future; whereas Super AI would surpass the ability and intelligence of human brain. [https://www.ibm.com/topics/artificial-intelligence]
The objective of AI is to devise machines to imitate human behavior and to exhibit genuine intelligence: consciousness and judgements.
Robots are one of the mechanical devices which is meant to perform intelligent tasks without human intervention for controlling them; which would surpass not only human physical limitations but could also function in adverse conditions where human lives could be in danger. AI is also intended to program or set a computer to have an entire knowledge of professions such as medical, legal etc. and trying to simulate or exhibit a human brain or the brain of any living non-humans by means of an electronic devices; and even if these devices fail, in the process we might learn about how a human brain actually works.
One of the first AI devices was W. Grey Walter's "tortoise", made in the early 1950s, worked just as the modern shark robot vacuum does today, actually more sophisticated than that. The "tortoise" would move across the floor, and when it ran out of battery it would return and plug itself to the nearest power socket, get charged, unplug itself and continue on its adventure!
Terry Winograd's computer program, blocks world, 1972: The computer could follow commands as how to arrange a collection of blocks of different shapes, sizes and colors, and the blocks would be arranged accordingly. And if it did not understand the command, it would even respond, "I do not know which block you mean". According to Winograd, "the success of the communication depends on the real intelligence on the part of the listener, and that there are many other ways of communicating with a computer that can be more effective, given that it doesn't have the intelligence".
Computer program of K.M Kolby, developed in the mid-1960s, which simulates a psychotherapist; the conversation was conducted via teletype. Some patients prefer the computer to a human therapist and prepare to reveal more of themselves than to a human therapist. There's also a computer which is programmed to simulate a human schizophrenic patient. These devices may give us an impression that they have some understanding, but actually they are simply following some mechanical rules or are fed with all the textbook knowledge to fool us.
Then there are chess-playing computers for example, a computer program by Dan and Kathe Spracklen achieved a rating of (Elo) 2110, "Deep Thought" largely programmed by Hsiung Hsu has a rating of about 2500 Elo and shared the first prize with Grandmaster Toni Miles in a chess tournament in 1988. These devices are also capable of solving chess problems. But the chess computers rely on a lot of book knowledge and accurate calculational power, therefore, able to make rapid decisions; whereas human players assess the circumstances consciously and take the time to eliminate the possibilities and use their judgements to make the moves.
Despite such early successes, it has been difficult to design/ control a simple robot arm which has to move and navigate around obstacles. AI devices, so far has failed to exhibit any genuine intelligence, and has come nowhere close to simulate human brain or other non-humans beings.
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